Update
Here is a video of me talking about the VGN at the PS Engage conference.
[vimeo http://www.vimeo.com/32839611 w=400&h=225]
————— Original post with a link to the paper. —————
The following material comes from a paper I recently finished as part of my studies. I took the opportunity to combine what I have learned about Information Management and Collaboration and then apply that knowledge to something that might be practical. If you want the paper you can find it on the Articles page, here is a somewhat abridged version for your perusal and comment. By the way, if you do comment I promise to get back to you, however my response may not be immediate.
Virtual Government Network Collaboration Framework
The framework elements are generic in the sense that they could apply to any large-scale collaboration network; in this example they have been populated with the Virtual Government Network in mind.
The common goal
Successful communities share a common goal. Sometimes the goal is urgent and short-lived like when responding to a crisis, other times it is more subtle and long-term, like creating a high quality of life.
In terms of government interests in supporting their jurisdictional economy, most would agree with Velez when he says that the ability to create, access and apply knowledge is a fundamental determinant of global competitiveness (Valez E., 2008, as cited by MacDonald, 2010).
From the knowledge perspective, the goal of the network might be one of conceptual integration. Citing Cosmides et al. 1992, Bates states that conceptual integration across knowledge boundaries generates a powerful growth in knowledge because it allows investigators to use knowledge developed in other disciplines to solve problems in their own (Bates, 2005), she continues to quote Cosmides:
“At present, crossing such boundaries is often met with xenophobia, packaged in the form of such familiar accusations as ‘intellectual imperialism’ or ‘reductionism.”
Although she was talking about how the disciplines within behavioral and social sciences should make themselves mutually consistent I think this principle applies to government as a whole and the Virtual Government Network is for people that want to reduce xenophobia.
From a more practical perspective the Virtual Government Network is about sharing and learning, saving time and money by reusing good work rather than reinventing. The underlying assumption is that more effective and sustainable government is more likely if we work together. This becomes the stated goal because it is the easiest to understand and likely the most relevant to potential users of the network.
Business Model
The network would initially be provided free of charge, paid for by profits that would be generated from the sale of training and associated professional services. As the network evolves the intention would be to acquire funding from governments, perhaps via the Public Service Chief Information Officer Council (PSCIOC) or a Public Private Partnership. The sustainable model will depend on reaction to the proposal and community interest.
Communication
Communication is consistently identified as one of the key ingredients for successful collaboration and an important part of any successful network. In this framework I identify two key characteristics of the communication infrastructure as being in near real-time and transparent and open.
For the network to be effective in responding to real-time events, communication from operators of the network and between network members themselves needs to be fast and accurate. Messages between members and groups are completely driven by user content and the system simply needs to provide mechanisms for delivering the messages in a timely and reliable manner. For messages from the operators to the members some crafting of messages and agreement on those messages may be required. This communications process interacts with governance processes and impedes the free flow of information. Careful attention to process design will be necessary to ensure that this kind of messaging can occur quickly. Fortunately the principles of open and transparent will minimize the amount of messaging that requires “crafting”.
By operating in a transparent fashion and building in opportunities for any interested member to participate in the governance of the network, the number of messages that need explicit approval of a governance group should be kept to a few per year.
Principles
Statutory responsibilities
Governments share similar responsibilities around issues like providing for freedom of information while protecting privacy or ensuring that information is archived for future generations. Intellectual property needs to be protected and disposition authorities applied. The framework needs to respect these in a way that is acceptable to all parties.
Value statements:
Three broad value statements provided as examples:
- Transparency
- Neutral space
- Learning
1. The need for transparency
This idea is not new, in 1948 Urguhart called for government confidential reports to be reviewed periodically to see what scientific and technical information could be released into the general pool of knowledge (Duff, 1997). Reviewing confidential information is of course an added cost, and as the body of confidential knowledge increases the sustainability of that review decreases. By keeping the body of confidential knowledge as small as possible the system will be more efficient. Assuming that we believe that the value of information to society increases with access, shifting our mindset from one of “need to know” to “need to share” should be a top priority.
The concept of transparency is considered by some to be so critical to the evolution of democracy that it has been enshrined in legislation. Canada’s Access to Information Act is an early example while the Open Government Directive from the United States Federal government is a more recent and dramatically more complete example of the transparency principle being applied.
Finally, I believe that transparency is essential for establishing and maintaining the trust between members that leads to a willingness to share.
2. Neutral Space
To mitigate the potential for political dispute the virtual government network should be a neutral space. Not a place for advocating particular political viewpoints, but rather a safe common ground, where the focus is on sharing knowledge and making government more effective.
3. Learning
The network supports shared learning and sharing of information and knowledge. As such the values associated with learning must be respected. For the purposes of this paper these values are:
- Shared Knowledge
- Respect for diversity (promotion of diversity)
- Collective responsibility
- That individuals are best motivated by autonomy, mastery and purpose (Pink, 2009)
The articulation of the broad community values is something that should be undertaken in consultation with the community, so I am not going to try and develop these any further at this time.
Information Architecture
The framework breaks down the information architecture into three categories that might be useful in terms of figuring out the types of information a virtual government network would contain. One of the pre-development tasks is to prepare detailed views for each of the categories. Brief outlines of each type are provided:
Information about people
- Basic directory information
- Enhanced profile information (interests, resume, etc)
- Activity history (contributions, other)
- Relationships
- Group memberships
Information about people might be considered private and as such users need to be able to easily understand and control the release of information about themselves. At its simplest this would mean users agree to a terms of use and simply not provide any personal information. A more sophisticated approach would be to allow users to complete a profile and control who could access various parts of it. In either case, a clear privacy policy and excellent user experience design is required.
Information about topics
- Sources of information (libraries, collections, other…)
- Bibliographies and searchable databases
- Groups and individuals working in topic areas
- Documents and user-created content organized by themes of interest to all jurisdictions such as: Coordination, protection, resilience, social progress. (Wilson, 2010?)
Information about topics represents the explicit knowledge content of the VGN. The intention is to build a repository of shareable stuff. Any information that could help another jurisdiction or links to such information would be valid. Intellectual property is an issue to watch here, if protected work is posted the rights to that work will have to be managed. The simple approach is telling users they are expected to only post unprotected work. In this scenario the VGN will need processes for monitoring for protected material and quickly resolving any complaints. A more sophisticated approach would be to build some kind of digital rights management into the network, perhaps based on the creative commons licenses.
Information about information (meta-data)
- Dublin core
- Rankings (votes, links, citations, source value, etc)
- State (draft, final, archive, etc)
This part of the information architecture is dedicated to developing a sustainable meta data strategy that will support the finding and managing of the topic based information. An important consideration is that the user not be required to add much meta data-the system needs to do as much of it as possible to ensure data integrity and user satisfaction. A second consideration would be that if the meta-data collected includes personal information that it be subject to the privacy policy. For instance visits or downloads of a document traceable to a particular user.
People
Users
The primary users of the network are government employees at any jurisdiction in Canada. These users are authenticated and agree to a terms of reference that is acceptable to their employer. The community is broadly defined by the term Public Servant. An issue arises with the inclusion of consultants, contractors and other suppliers of services; this shadow government is estimated to be worth $25B at the Federal level alone (Ottawa Citizen, 2010). It may be that there will have to be two types of users and two different entry levels of user. Another consideration is whether to permit users from jurisdictions outside of Canada.
Roles
Types of users will have to be defined along with various roles that each type can perform. The following is a preliminary list of potential user access levels.
- L1 Members are permanent government employees
- L2 Members are consultants and contractors under contract
- L3 Members are the general public
- L1 Operators are god
- L2 Operators are like captains
- L3 Operators have some additional edit privileges and can approve certain events like group creation.
In addition to Members and Operators other relevant people are those providing funds and other stakeholders that identify themselves, i.e. Unions, political parties, governing parties, etc.
Processes
Operation of the VGN will involve many processes. For the purposes of this paper I have identified two broad categories that I believe are particularly important.
Onboarding
Onboarding is generally concerned with attracting people to the network and ensuring that their early experiences are positive. Processes might include:
- Outreach and promotion
- Registration authentication and security
- Skills development & support
- Solutions matching
Gardening
The gardening processes are intended to maintain quality in the network, ensure that terms of use are complied with and generally support users in their efforts to share and collaborate. Examples include:
- Content reporting quality (user reports on content)
- Activity monitoring (looking for irregular behavior, new content requiring meta-data, etc)
- User communications (personalized based on activity, role or other options, multiple channels)
- Tension management (see Donnelly, 2009)
The general concept of information value within the VGN is that users decide what is important. Content value could be some mix of attributes such as: source value, user votes, user links to the information, # citations, comments and other empirical and subjective characteristics that can be measured over time. These ideas should be reflected in the non-functional requirements for the supporting platform.
Technology
This paper is not about the technology, however several characteristics have been defined that will provide some guidance when technology choices must be made. These include:
- Browser based
- Mobile enabled
- Open with lots of connectors
- Both open and secure (how secure?)
- Acreditable by government agencies (meets whatever standards are most common)
Governance
Governance of the network covers three areas:
o Conflict resolution & resource allocation
o Permission allocations (granting power to users)
- Performance measurement
- Strategic direction
Governance mechanisms should be as inclusive as possible and follow the principle of transparency. Provide a forum and guidelines for funders, operators, users and stakeholders.
Conclusion
The framework is intended to be a fairly holistic, top level conceptual architecture that might be used to guide the creation of a Virtual Government Network. It is a broad brush, high level view; there are improvements to be made, both in the generic framework and in the details. To move forward each element needs much more detail and discussion. Maybe we can build something like this, maybe not, either way; I hope the framework is of use to others. Please comment and build on it.
